Direct Air Capture (DAC) technologies are anticipated to achieve megaton-scale by 2030 and gigaton-scale by 2050. However, current capture costs and pace of development cast doubt on DAC’s readiness to contribute to the environmental goals in the 2030s. This study introduces an innovative framework to reduce capture costs and facilitate the widespread deployment of DAC technologies. First, an extensive review of the current state of DAC deployment is conducted, followed by an analysis of the DAC market outlook. Secondly, the …

Read More

Download technical paper: 2025 Pujol Techno-economic analysis of two novel Direct air capture-to-urea concepts based on process intensification

Review on treatment technologies of coal gasification wastewater in China Jingxin Shi a a , b , * , Ning Wan a , Lucheng Li a , Zhenxuan Li a , Hongjun Han b Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China b State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, …

Read More

Nearly 300 million tons of phosphogypsum (PG) are produced every year as a byproduct from phosphate fertilizer production worldwide. Approximately 58% of the PG are stacked, 28% are discharged in coastal waters and only 14% are further processed. This critical review provides an overview of the physical-chemical properties of PG produced from sedimentary and magmatic phosphate ore worldwide using various analytical tools. Results from more than 25 years of work on PG at Ecole des Mines de Saint-Etienne are presented …

Read More

Download technical paper: 2023 Bilal Phosphogypsum circular economy considerations

The outer shell of a Multi-layered Urea Reactor ruptured while the plant was in operation. The plant made an emergency shutdown, samples were collected, and an investigation carried out to establish the root cause of the failure. The paper explains the detailed analysis performed, along with corrective action implemented and a health assessment for safe working of the equipment. The paper also includes references to similar failures in old multi-layered Urea Reactors subsequently and the mitigation plans to avoid such …

Read More

Download technical paper: 2021 Singh Failure Analysis and Field Repair of Urea Reactor Shell Rupture

The significance of the critical relative humidity (CRHI of fertilizer as related to handling and storage factors of the fertilizer is considered. Values of CRH have been determined for a number of commercial nitrogen, phosphate, and potash fertilizers and their mixtures. These values are given and compared with values for pure fertilizer salts. The significance of CRH is considered in relation to moisture tolerance, compatibility of fertilizers, and the quality of packaging required for bagged products. Methods of controlling moisture …

Read More

Download technical paper: 1984 Clayton Humidity factors affecting storage and handling of fertilizers

Urea properly used is an excellent fertilizer which has a wide range of physical and chemical properties useful in fertilizer production. Agronomic problems exist but they can be overcome by using well known techniques. There are some who because of agronomic limitations will not accept urea. There is little question that economics, safety and storability favor urea. Usually the farmer who buys a blend is only interested in top agronomic performance at lowest cost and only specifies a given ratio …

Read More

Download technical paper: 1983 Balay Handling and Distributing Urea

This document is designed to give a comprehensive technical overview into what steam is in all its forms, how to measure it, where and why it is used for in industrial processes, and to give an insight into unexpected and potentially hazardous situations that may arise from the process configuration and conditions. It uses clear and relatively easy to follow examples, with the minimum of mathematics. However, it does assume a level of interest and curiosity in steam production, distribution …

Read More

Download technical paper: 2017 E+H Steam Handbook

In this report, a process safety assessment of a urea plant was conducted. The assessment was limited to hazards identification through chemical reactivity analysis and HAZOP study, and risk assessment through Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) and Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA). The QRA consisted of event tree analysis, Probit analysis, toxic source, release and dispersion, fires and explosions modelling using ALOHA software. Control measures were also provided based on the evaluations and assessments that were made.

Download technical paper: 2022 Ching Process Safety Assessment of a Urea Plant

The industrial use of pure titanium has been extensive, but, its products have been plagued by inadequate wear and erosion resistance. The technique of pack nitriding was chosen to increase the hardness of pure titanium products. However, achieving high hardness often necessitated high temperature processing. The nitriding carried out using urea as an alternative source of nitrogen, which will diffuse with the metal surface and form titanium nitride. In this study, an attempt is made to design and fabrication a …

Read More

Download technical paper: 2024 Yuda Design and fabrication of urea-based nitriding device for pure Titanium Grade 1