2009 Farbotko Failure of a Titanium Lined Vessel due to Sudden Application of Vacuum

The titanium liner inside a separator collapsed due to rapid vacuum formation during startup, when the normal startup procedure was not followed.
This paper describes the initial unsuccessful attempts to repair the failed liner in situ, and its subsequent successful replacement with a new duplex stainless steel liner. The root cause of the vacuum formation is explained, and modifications to prevent recurrence are described.

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